Jamaican language to english - With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By …

 
He highlighted a survey from 2005 that showed 70% of Jamaicans were in favour of having bilingual schools that teach in standard English and Patois, a dramatic switch from the 1950s when the .... Precious full movie

May 5, 2012 · Learn how to speak Jamaican patios/patwa by learning basic "Introductions" in patois/ patwa in our video series "Speak Jamaican Patois". Visit our Jamaican ... Jan 22, 2024 · Jamaican Patois, often simply called Patois, is an English-based creole language with West African influences, reflecting the diverse history of the island. It originated during the 17th century when enslaved Africans were forced to adapt to the English-speaking environment, blending their native tongues with the English they encountered. With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Jamaican Patwah Translator is a free app that contains patois words, definitions, translations and examples. - Works offline. - Fast access and immediate translation. - Translate English to...Visit our book store to learn more about the Jamaican language and culture. We offer a variety of resources: Language Guides. Puzzles. Journal Notebooks. SHOP NOW. …Visit our book store to learn more about the Jamaican language and culture. We offer a variety of resources: Language Guides. Puzzles. Journal Notebooks. SHOP NOW. Free Lessons, Courses and Quizzes on …Jamaicanize is a free Jamaican Patois translator to translate English to Jamaican Patwah. Learn Jamaican patois words and phrases like, .6 days ago · Foot. Definition. In Jamaican Patois, the term “foot” is used to refer to the legs, ankles or feet. Example Sentences. Patois: Mi bruk mi foot laas week. English: I broke my leg last week. Apr 18, 2024. Join our community. Get exclusive content and stay informed in our Newsletter. 0. English is the Official Language of Jamaica. All sorts of formal compositions in Jamaica are done in English. The system of formal education also uses English as the standard language. Jamaican English is however quite different from Jamaican Creole also considered by the Jamaicans as a kind of English. The …July 12, 2019. English is the official language of Jamaica, but that’s an insufficient response to accurately do justice to the island’s linguistic profile. So what language do Jamaicans …There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether “patois” (patwah) is a language or an English “dialect”. If you don’t know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 …Creole languages include varieties that are based on French, such as Haitian Creole, Louisiana Creole, and Mauritian Creole; English, such as Gullah (on the Sea Islands of the southeastern United States), Jamaican Creole, Guyanese Creole, and Hawaiian Creole; and Portuguese, such as Papiamentu (in Aruba, Bonaire, and …Dec 24, 2023 · Over time, Jamaican Patois evolved and became increasingly distinct from the English language. The language was influenced by various other languages, including Spanish, Portuguese, and French. This was partly due to Jamaica's position as a center of international trade and commerce, and the language was influenced by the many different ... Do you want to learn a new language for free, fun and science-based? Duolingo is the world's most popular language learning platform, with courses in over 40 languages, interactive exercises, and a supportive community. Whether you want to practice online, on your phone, or with a podcast, Duolingo has something for you. Join millions of learners …Jamaicanize is a free Jamaican Patois translator to translate English to Jamaican Patwah. Learn Jamaican patois words and phrases like, .Jamaican Patois (/ ˈ p æ t w ɑː /; locally rendered Patwah and called Jamaican Creole by linguists) is an English-based creole language with West African, Taíno, Irish, Spanish, … The primary language spoken in Jamaica is English, but the version of English spoken there is distinct and unique compared to other English-speaking countries. One of the most significant influences on the Jamaican language is the legacy of colonialism. Jamaica was a British colony for over 300 years, and the English spoken in Jamaica today ... Learn how to pronounce the latest and most popular Jamaican greetings and expressions PLUS how to use them in a sentence, while enjoying beautiful pictures o...3 days ago · Example Sentences (Patois) Mi nuh tink yuh know oomuch mi luv yuh. (English) I don't think you know how much I love you. “ Yuh a mi boonoonoonoos „. English Translation: You're my sweetheart. Definition In Jamaican Patois, "Yuh a mi boonoonoonoos" unveils a whole new level of endearment. This term is usually used between people who are very ... Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Translations from dictionary Jamaican Creole English - English, definitions, grammar. In Glosbe you will find translations from Jamaican Creole English into English coming from various sources. The translations are sorted from the most common to the less popular. We make every effort to ensure that each expression has definitions or information ... When asking about the Jamaican Language, usually you are referring to Jamaican Patios, an English-lexified creole language spoken by the majority of Jamaicans. Jamaican Patois 101: How to Say "Sorry" Like a Jamaican. Saying sorry is not only a sign of respect and courtesy, but also a way of showing empathy and …Jamaica is the third-largest English-speaking country in the Western Hemisphere. Jamaica uses English because it was a British colony. Like Canadians, however, Jamaicans have adopted many American words, phrases and spellings . English is Jamaica’s official language and is taught in schools, but Jamaica also has own …With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Languages have linguistic features that include phonology, lexicon, grammar and syntax. Phonology is the sound system of a language. Lexicon is the vocabulary of the language. Grammar is the correct use of the language. And syntax is the proper arrangements of the words in a sentence within a language. These linguistic features play a different ...Jamaican Patois, also known locally as 'patwa' or 'patwah,' is an English-based creole language unique to the island of Jamaica. It's not just how we speak, it's how we feel, how we laugh, how we grieve. It's not just words, it's history, it's rhythm, it's home. See, Jamaican Patois is more than an accent; it's a mix of English, African tongues ...3 days ago · Example Sentences (Patois) Mi nuh tink yuh know oomuch mi luv yuh. (English) I don't think you know how much I love you. “ Yuh a mi boonoonoonoos „. English Translation: You're my sweetheart. Definition In Jamaican Patois, "Yuh a mi boonoonoonoos" unveils a whole new level of endearment. This term is usually used between people who are very ... 6 days ago · Foot. Definition. In Jamaican Patois, the term “foot” is used to refer to the legs, ankles or feet. Example Sentences. Patois: Mi bruk mi foot laas week. English: I broke my leg last week. Apr 18, 2024. Join our community. Get exclusive content and stay informed in our Newsletter. Jul 12, 2019 · Jamaican Patois, also known as Patwa and Jamaican Creole, is the most widely spoken language in the country. Compared to a reported 50,000 Jamaicans who speak English, there are 2.7 million who speak Jamaican Patois, a type of English creole that arose during the slave trade. A blend of African languages, English, Arawakan (the Aboriginal ... support for this project, and for her longstanding commitment to issues in Jamaican language education. This project also owes a great deal of gratitude to Dr. Joseph T. Farquharson of The University of the West Indies, author of the Jamaican structure dataset, which formed part of the initial inspiration forThe accent of Jamaican English is inspired by Irish English, but is overall more Caribbean. Their language is also inspired by African words. If you move to Jamaica as an English speaker, you’ll probably have to do some adjusting to their unique pronunciations! Here is a glossary of many spoken Jamaican terms and slang: A door: OutdoorsHe highlighted a survey from 2005 that showed 70% of Jamaicans were in favour of having bilingual schools that teach in standard English and Patois, a dramatic switch from the 1950s when the ...Because it's based on English. Africans kidnapped and taken to be slaves in plantations owned by British all across the Caribbean etc. Developed their own patois language. Because it is English - not just "based on". It's the accent that …Jamaica's informal language is commonly referred to as Jamaican Patwa or Jamaican Patois. This language is a blend of English, West African languages, and various other influences. It is widely spoken by the people of Jamaica and is often used in informal settings, such as in music, literature, and everyday conversations.Aug 16, 2023 · Definition One of the most popular swear words in Jamaica. Bumbo means bottom, claat is the Jamaican pronunciation of cloth. "Bumboclaat" literally refers to either menstrual pads or toilet paper. it is mostly used as an exclamation of shock, surprise, anger, frustration or for any other intense emotions. Bumboclaat is actually a very vulgar ... It can be used in most situations. Hi/hey – Yow. Yow is a super informal Jamaican greeting that you’ll hear all the time in Jamaica. It can also be used to get someone’s attention. This phrase is often extended to ‘ yow mi boss ’ or ‘yow mi general ’. These are mostly used by young people, mainly young men.Jamaican Patois (/ ˈ p æ t w ɑː /; locally rendered Patwah and called Jamaican Creole by linguists) is an English-based creole language with West African, Taíno, Irish, Spanish, … These new sovereign states elected to keep English as an official language. On 22 June 1948, the ship MV Empire Windrush arrived at Tilbury Docks, Essex, bringing workers from Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago and other West Indian islands, as a response to post-war labour shortages in the UK. The Windrush generation, as the Caribbean immigrants ... Creole languages include varieties that are based on French, such as Haitian Creole, Louisiana Creole, and Mauritian Creole; English, such as Gullah (on the Sea Islands of the southeastern United States), Jamaican Creole, Guyanese Creole, and Hawaiian Creole; and Portuguese, such as Papiamentu (in Aruba, Bonaire, and … To receive a $10, $25 or $50 DISCOUNT, follow the instructions on. Select source language. Submit files (optional; up to 1 GB ea.) Upload a file. Jamaican Translation services company offering high quality professional Jamaican translation at excellent prices. Jamaican translation to or from English. Jamaica’s official language is English, but we also speak Jamaican or Patois (or Patwa) - a colorful, descriptive and emphatic creole dialect that has been shaped by our African, …293-294) Standard Jamaican English is the official language of Jamaica and used in all domains of public life. It is not only the language of the government, the law and the media but also used for education and for almost all kinds of written communication (Sand, 1999, p. 70). Standard English has been present in Jamaica for a long time.May 5, 2012 · Learn how to speak Jamaican patios/patwa by learning basic "Introductions" in patois/ patwa in our video series "Speak Jamaican Patois". Visit our Jamaican ... Rastafarian words and phrases are a combination of English dialect and Jamaican Patois spoken primarily by Rastafarians. The Rastafarian language is actually much easier to learn than Jamaican Patois because it’s mostly a play on English words (e.g. “overstand” for “understand”,“downpress” for “oppress”,“ I-ditate” for “meditate” …We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah.Browse Dictionary by Categories. Jamaican Expressions (484) Curse Words (55) Insult Words (107) Greetings (48) Dirty (225) Rastafarian (117) Love (10) Dancehall (109)Jamaican Translator, allows you currently to translate from standard English to Jamaican Patois. Learn more about our language by doing quizzes about interesting topics. Translate and send your translations with your favorite Instant Messaging app to friends, families or even Jamaican natives. Learn more about patois by doing quizzes.But the point I wish to make here is that Jamaican is quite distinct from English, is rule-governed (has a grammar of its own); has its own ‘standard’, has a community of native speakers, is capable of expressing in writing any concept that can be expressed in English or any other language; and certainly can be expressed orthographically in a uniform …360,000,000. Native to: Jamaica, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia). 3,200,000. In the English - Jamaican Creole English dictionary you will find phrases with translations, examples, pronunciation and pictures. Translation is fast and saves you time. The Jamaican language, also known as Jamaican Creole or Patois, exhibits unique pronunciation patterns, vocabulary, and grammar. It is a product of diverse linguistic influences, reflecting the history and cultural fusion of Jamaica. 1. Pronunciation. In Jamaican language, the pronunciation differs noticeably from standard English. Language in Jamaica. The official language is English, but Patois is the conversational dialect most Jamaicans use on a day to day basis. Related Articles. Top 5: Ultimate Caribbean beach escapes. Caribbean islands provide beach lovers with everything from lazy days to party nights, so find your unforgettable beach escape here.0. English is the Official Language of Jamaica. All sorts of formal compositions in Jamaica are done in English. The system of formal education also uses English as the standard language. Jamaican English is however quite different from Jamaican Creole also considered by the Jamaicans as a kind of English. The … We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah. 360,000,000. Native to: Jamaica, Panama, Costa Rica, Colombia (San Andrés y Providencia). 3,200,000. In the English - Jamaican Creole English dictionary you will find phrases with translations, examples, pronunciation and pictures. Translation is fast and saves you time. The primary language spoken in Jamaica is English, but the version of English spoken there is distinct and unique compared to other English-speaking countries. One of the most significant influences on the Jamaican language is the legacy of colonialism. Jamaica was a British colony for over 300 years, and the English spoken in Jamaica today ... Just chilling. Kicking it back. Mi Nice / Mi Criss / Mi Gud. I’m doing ok, I’m good, I’m great, I’m fine. Mi Naw Deal Wid Nutten / Nutten Naw Gwaan. Having a bad day. Not doing too well. This response is more of a downer, which is used when a person is stressed, in a bad mood or just not doing too well at the moment.Like British English, Jamaican Standard English is a non-rhotic language 2 and according to Lawton (1984:255) there is no significant difference in comparison to Received Pronunciation 3. Moreover both languages have the same realization of vowels and consonants (Lawton 1984:255). Despite that, the prosody of both languages differ.Dec 10, 2008 · Jamaican Creole: Morphology and syntax. December 2008. DOI: 10.1515/9783110208405.2.609. In book: The Americas and the Caribbean (pp.609-644) Authors: Peter Patrick. University of Essex. No matter what language you’re studying, it’s always important to memorize pronouns. Thankfully, the Jamaican Patois phrases associated with pronouns and possession shouldn’t be all too hard to learn if you’re a native English speaker. Below are the basic pronouns with the English listed first and the Jamaican Patois second. I : miTopics specifically discussed include the functions of English and Creole (Patois) in the society and attitudes to these varieties, the origins, development and present state of English in Jamaica, the role of language in education and various proposals for taking Creole into account in classroom teaching.Biesik Jumiekan: Introduction to Jamaican Language This book, written by Larry Chang, is a Jamaican language primer for native speakers and beginners. Understanding Jamaican Patois: An Introduction to Afro-Jamaican Grammar. This book is written by Emilie L Adams and is a guide that provides an overview of the English … We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah. To receive a $10, $25 or $50 DISCOUNT, follow the instructions on. Select source language. Submit files (optional; up to 1 GB ea.) Upload a file. Jamaican Translation services company offering high quality professional Jamaican translation at excellent prices. Jamaican translation to or from English.00:00. Mek mi tell unuh bout mi likkel bwoy; im luv kaan. Let me tell you about my little boy; he loves corn. //mek mi tel ʹʊnuː bɑʊt mi ʹlɪkəl bwaɪ/ɪm lʊv kaːn//. The pronoun unuh is second person plural. As you know, in Standard English we do not have a seperate form for the second person singular and plural, we just have you.0. English is the Official Language of Jamaica. All sorts of formal compositions in Jamaica are done in English. The system of formal education also uses English as the standard language. Jamaican English is however quite different from Jamaican Creole also considered by the Jamaicans as a kind of English. The …Translate. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Elections 2024. Part 2. Coverage and analysis of the UK local and mayoral elections on 2 May 2024. Programme website. Browse the TV Guide for programmes from the BBC.There is a heated debate amongst Jamaicans on whether "patois" (patwah) is a language or an English "dialect". If you don't know Jamaican patois (patwah) it definitely sounds like another language. Below is a list of 20 Essential Jamaican Patois phrases translated to …Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican …Jamaican Translator, allows you currently to translate from standard English to Jamaican Patois. Learn more about our language by doing quizzes about interesting topics. Translate and send your translations with your favorite Instant Messaging app to friends, families or even Jamaican natives. Learn more about patois by doing quizzes.Jamaican patois, also known as Jamaican Creole, is an English-based Creole language commonly practiced in the Caribbean Sea area, primarily spoken in Jamaica. Today it is possible to find thousands of people practicing this incredible Creole language in different countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, thanks to the ...The question of whether Jamaican Patois is merely "broken English" often sparks lively debate. At first glance, this language might seem perplexing, with its unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. However, to dismiss Jamaican Patois as a mere corruption of English would be to overlook its rich history, cultural significance, and …Because it's based on English. Africans kidnapped and taken to be slaves in plantations owned by British all across the Caribbean etc. Developed their own patois language. Because it is English - not just "based on". It's the accent that …The primary language spoken in Jamaica is English, but the version of English spoken there is distinct and unique compared to other English-speaking countries. One of the most significant influences on the Jamaican language is the legacy of colonialism. Jamaica was a British colony for over 300 years, and the English spoken in Jamaica today ...The two languages, Jamaican Creole and Jamaican Standard English, have been perpetually at odds with the root of this being the language politics. Compounding this situation is the varied language ... Jamaica’s official language is English, but we also speak Jamaican or Patois (or Patwa) - a colorful, descriptive and emphatic creole dialect that has been shaped by our African, Spanish, French, Portuguese, and English colonial heritage. A beautiful symbol of our resilience, patois is the crafting of the expressions of a people, forced into ... With this patois translator/patwa translator you will be able to learn Jamaican phrases by translating phrase such as how are you or hello and in due time you will be able to create your own jamaica pharses. By using this tool for sometime you will be able to speak like a jamaican. Currently the best english to jamaican patois translator ...Visit our book store to learn more about the Jamaican language and culture. We offer a variety of resources: Language Guides; Puzzles; Journal Notebooks; SHOP NOW. Translate English phrases to Jamaican Patois with our free Patwah Translator Translate. Latest Articles. Jamaican Patois 101: How to Say "Sorry" Like a Jamaican. How to …The question of whether Jamaican Patois is merely "broken English" often sparks lively debate. At first glance, this language might seem perplexing, with its unique pronunciation, grammar, and vocabulary. However, to dismiss Jamaican Patois as a mere corruption of English would be to overlook its rich history, cultural significance, and … We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah. Like British English, Jamaican Standard English is a non-rhotic language 2 and according to Lawton (1984:255) there is no significant difference in comparison to Received Pronunciation 3. Moreover both languages have the same realization of vowels and consonants (Lawton 1984:255). Despite that, the prosody of both languages differ.293-294) Standard Jamaican English is the official language of Jamaica and used in all domains of public life. It is not only the language of the government, the law and the media but also used for education and for almost all kinds of written communication (Sand, 1999, p. 70). Standard English has been present in Jamaica for a long time. The primary language spoken in Jamaica is English, but the version of English spoken there is distinct and unique compared to other English-speaking countries. One of the most significant influences on the Jamaican language is the legacy of colonialism. Jamaica was a British colony for over 300 years, and the English spoken in Jamaica today ... support for this project, and for her longstanding commitment to issues in Jamaican language education. This project also owes a great deal of gratitude to Dr. Joseph T. Farquharson of The University of the West Indies, author of the Jamaican structure dataset, which formed part of the initial inspiration forJamaican patois, also known as Jamaican Creole, is an English-based Creole language commonly practiced in the Caribbean Sea area, primarily spoken in Jamaica. Today it is possible to find thousands of people practicing this incredible Creole language in different countries, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, thanks to the ...English has been present in Jamaica since 1655 when it was captured from the Spanish. The majority of the population nowadays is of African descent due to the slave trade. The second largest part of the population is multiracial. Although English is the official language of Jamaica, the majority of the population speak Jamaican Patois.Jamaica is regarded as a bilingual country, with two major languages in use by the population. The official language is English, which is "used in all domains of public life", including the government, the legal system, the media, and education. However, the primary spoken language is an English-based creole called Jamaican Patois (or …

Jamaican Patois, also known locally as 'patwa' or 'patwah,' is an English-based creole language unique to the island of Jamaica. It's not just how we speak, it's how we feel, how we laugh, how we grieve. It's not just words, it's history, it's rhythm, it's home. See, Jamaican Patois is more than an accent; it's a mix of English, African tongues .... Firekirkin

jamaican language to english

A 1781 text from the Cornwall Chronicle was discovered somewhere around 1997 by Maureen Warner Lewis in the course of her research. It is a big discovery for linguists studying Caribbean Creole languages. It is the oldest known text of Jamaican. In addition, it is the oldest text of a Caribbean English Creole outside of Suriname.Biesik Jumiekan: Introduction to Jamaican Language This book, written by Larry Chang, is a Jamaican language primer for native speakers and beginners. Understanding Jamaican Patois: An Introduction to Afro-Jamaican Grammar. This book is written by Emilie L Adams and is a guide that provides an overview of the English …The Jamaican language has had an indelible impact on modern English in the UK, with younger generation liberally sprinkling patois into their everyday conversations. London youths are combining Jamaican patois with traditional “black” street and hip-hop language, cockney elements, and influences from Polish, Turkish, and South Asian influences to …Jamaican (Jimiekn / Patwah) Jamaican is an English-based Creole with influences from languages of West and Central Africa. It developed during the 17th century and includes significant influences from various dialects of English, especially those of Scotland and Ireland. Over 4 million people speak Jamaican, most of whom live in Jamaica.Jamaican Patwah Translator is a free app that contains patois words, definitions, translations and examples. - Works offline. - Fast access and immediate translation. - Translate English to Jamaican Patois. - Translate Jamaican Patois to English. - Audio Pronunciations by native speaker.English Translation: Thank You. Definition This is a common way of saying thank you in Jamaica. It is often said with a strong accent and a lot of emphasis on the "yuh" part. "Tanks" is another common way Jamaicans say thank you. It carries a casual and laid-back tone and is often used in informal settings among friends and family.The Jamaican language is largely a derivative of Spanish, English and African influences on the country through its colonial history. Although the official language of Jamaica is English, many Jamaicans speak Patois in casual everyday conversation. Here are 15 Jamaican Patois phrases to know and use on your next visit to Jamaica.Jamaican (Jimiekn / Patwah) Jamaican is an English-based Creole with influences from languages of West and Central Africa. It developed during the 17th century and includes significant influences from various dialects of English, especially those of Scotland and Ireland. Over 4 million people speak Jamaican, most of whom live in Jamaica.Welcome to my channel! This is Andy from I love languages. Let's learn different languages/dialects together. Please feel free to subscribe to see more of th...While it shares vocabulary and some grammatical structures with English, Jamaican Patois is considered a distinct language due to its unique phonology, syntax, …The official language of Jamaica is English, but the unofficial language is a patois. Linguists and a handful of Jamaican novelists have recently transformed this oral language into written form, although for most Jamaicans it remains solely spoken—and richly nuanced. Experts say more than 90% of the vocabulary is derived from English, with ...We offer a variety of resources: Free online translation from English into Jamaican Patois and back, English-Jamaican Patois dictionary with transcription, pronunciation, and examples of usage. Jamaican Patwah.Jamaican literature and music found an international audience, introducing Patwa to the world. As Jamaicans left the island and settled in different countries, so did Patwa. “As Jamaicans migrated to seek work in Panama, Honduras and Cuba, and later to London, Brooklyn and Toronto, they took their language with them” (Chang, 2021).Generally, Jamaicans speak two languages - English and Jamaican Patois, otherwise known by linguists as Jamaican Creole. Depending on where you are in Jamaica, one may be used more predominantly than …English Translation: Thank You. Definition This is a common way of saying thank you in Jamaica. It is often said with a strong accent and a lot of emphasis on the "yuh" part. "Tanks" is another common way Jamaicans say thank you. It carries a casual and laid-back tone and is often used in informal settings among friends and family.Iyaric, also known as Dread Talk, is the Rastafari language created in defiance of English as an imposed colonial language that facilitated the loss of African languages among enslaved Afro-Caribbeans. Iyaric incorporates elements of African languages such as Twi, Yoruba, and Bantu, which were brought to Jamaica by ….

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